Veterinary Botanical Medicine and Cattle Including Dairy
Journals publishing peer-reviewed articles on botanical medicine for bovines:
• BMS Veterinary Research
• Research in Veterinary Science
• Journal Dairy Science
• American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Science
• Canadian Veterinary Journal
• Veterinary immunology and Immunopathology
• Animal Feed Science and Technology
• Animal Reproduction Science
• Veterinary Parasitology
• Journal Veterinary Internal Medicine
• Theriogenology
• Livestock Science
• Journal of Parasitic Diseases
• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
• BMS Veterinary Research
• Research in Veterinary Science
• Journal Dairy Science
• American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Science
• Canadian Veterinary Journal
• Veterinary immunology and Immunopathology
• Animal Feed Science and Technology
• Animal Reproduction Science
• Veterinary Parasitology
• Journal Veterinary Internal Medicine
• Theriogenology
• Livestock Science
• Journal of Parasitic Diseases
• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Non-antibiotic treatments are needed in organic dairy herds (20) has prompted a plethora of studies on botanical medicines and plant compounds such as essential oils and proprietary botanical formulas (22) for the treatment of mastitis. More broadly though, the use of antibiotics is being increasingly discouraged in the dairy industry because their presence in dairy milk may have potential downstream effects on population health and the agri-food chain (23).
Analysis of the published literature including the Journal of Dairy Science and a review in Natural Products Communication Journal (Mullen etal 2014; Taga et al 2012) shows that many botanical medicines including essential oils have significant antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects. A recent study through the Texan A & M & Florida Schools of Veterinary medicine and published in the Canadian Veterinary Journal evaluated a combination botanical product containing Western herbs for intra-mammary treatment of mastitis and demonstrated a faster recovery for the treatment group compared to the control group with median intervals from end of treatment to recovery of 4.6 d and 6.5 d, respectively (24). A similar study showed a benefit with the Chinese herb Panax ginseng via intra mammary administration. Results indicated an immunomodulatory effect and the study concluded the beneficial effect of the extract could be used as alternative therapy in the control of mastitis at drying off, either alone or in conjunction with dry cow antibiotic therapy published in Veterinary immunology and Immunopathology (25).
Another area of investigation is the use of botanical medicines as alternatives to anthelmintics. A recent study published in the Journal of Parasitic Diseases demonstrated that the anthelmintic efficacy of crude neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf powder against strongyle infections in cattle was equivalent to fendendazole when compared to infected untreated controls. It was concluded that crude neem leaf powder has anthelmintic property and it can further be studied to isolate the active component to produce herbal anthelminthics (26) . In the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health study on the potential of botanical medicines to protect human health investigated the influence of neem (Azadirachta indica) materials (leaf, bark, and oil) on the survival of a strain of E Coli (Ec0157) in dairy manure: the neem leaf and bark supplements eliminated the pathogen in less than 10 days with a D-value (days for 90% elimination) of 1.3 d. In contrast, nearly 4 log CFU EcO157/g remained after 10 d in neem-free manure control. Control of this pathogen at the source (manure) are critical as produce crops are often grown in proximity to animal raising operations. The study concluded application of inexpensive neem supplements to control pathogens in manure and possibly in produce fields may be an option for controlling the transfer of foodborne pathogens from farm to fork (27).
Petition Appendix IX-C outlines the abstracts of 25 recent journal articles demonstrating the amount of literature on botanical medicines for mastitis in dairy cattle medicine as well as a few studies on metritis and retained placenta. We have included a sample of recent literature, mainly in vivo and a few interesting in vitro studies from over 400 possible articles published in the last 10 years on plant extracts and cattle.
Analysis of the published literature including the Journal of Dairy Science and a review in Natural Products Communication Journal (Mullen etal 2014; Taga et al 2012) shows that many botanical medicines including essential oils have significant antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects. A recent study through the Texan A & M & Florida Schools of Veterinary medicine and published in the Canadian Veterinary Journal evaluated a combination botanical product containing Western herbs for intra-mammary treatment of mastitis and demonstrated a faster recovery for the treatment group compared to the control group with median intervals from end of treatment to recovery of 4.6 d and 6.5 d, respectively (24). A similar study showed a benefit with the Chinese herb Panax ginseng via intra mammary administration. Results indicated an immunomodulatory effect and the study concluded the beneficial effect of the extract could be used as alternative therapy in the control of mastitis at drying off, either alone or in conjunction with dry cow antibiotic therapy published in Veterinary immunology and Immunopathology (25).
Another area of investigation is the use of botanical medicines as alternatives to anthelmintics. A recent study published in the Journal of Parasitic Diseases demonstrated that the anthelmintic efficacy of crude neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf powder against strongyle infections in cattle was equivalent to fendendazole when compared to infected untreated controls. It was concluded that crude neem leaf powder has anthelmintic property and it can further be studied to isolate the active component to produce herbal anthelminthics (26) . In the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health study on the potential of botanical medicines to protect human health investigated the influence of neem (Azadirachta indica) materials (leaf, bark, and oil) on the survival of a strain of E Coli (Ec0157) in dairy manure: the neem leaf and bark supplements eliminated the pathogen in less than 10 days with a D-value (days for 90% elimination) of 1.3 d. In contrast, nearly 4 log CFU EcO157/g remained after 10 d in neem-free manure control. Control of this pathogen at the source (manure) are critical as produce crops are often grown in proximity to animal raising operations. The study concluded application of inexpensive neem supplements to control pathogens in manure and possibly in produce fields may be an option for controlling the transfer of foodborne pathogens from farm to fork (27).
Petition Appendix IX-C outlines the abstracts of 25 recent journal articles demonstrating the amount of literature on botanical medicines for mastitis in dairy cattle medicine as well as a few studies on metritis and retained placenta. We have included a sample of recent literature, mainly in vivo and a few interesting in vitro studies from over 400 possible articles published in the last 10 years on plant extracts and cattle.
REFERENCES:
20 Mullen KA, Lee AR, Lyman RL, Mason SE, Washburn SP, Anderson KL. Short communication: an in vitro assessment of the antibacterial activity of plant-derived oils. J Dairy Sci. 2014 Sep;97(9):5587-91
21 Taga I, Lan CQ, Altosaar I. Plant essential oils and mastitis disease: their potential inhibitory effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine production in response to bacteria related inflammation. Nat Prod Commun. 2012 May;7(5):675-82. Review.
22 Pinedo P, Karreman H, Bothe H, Velez J, Risco C Efficacy of a botanical preparation for the intramammary treatment of clinical mastitis on an organic dairy farm. Can Vet J. 2013 May;54(5):479-84.
23 Taga I, Lan CQ, Altosaar I Plant essential oils and mastitis disease: their potential inhibitory effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine production in response to bacteria related inflammation. Nat Prod Commun. 2012 May;7(5):675-82. Review.
24 Pinedo P, Karreman H, Bothe H, Velez J, Risco C Efficacy of a botanical preparation for the intramammary treatment of clinical mastitis on an organic dairy farm. Can Vet J. 2013 May;54(5):479-84.
25 Baravalle C1, Dallard BE, Cadoche MC, Pereyra EA, Neder VE, Ortega HH, Calvinho LF. Proinflammatory cytokines and CD14 expression in mammary tissue of cows following intramammary inoculation of Panax ginseng at drying off. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2011 Nov 15;144(1-2):52-60.
26 Jamra N, Das G, Singh P, Haque M. Anthelmintic efficacy of crude neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf powder against bovine strongylosis. J Parasit Dis. 2015 Dec;39(4):786-8.
27 Ravva SV, Korn A. Effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) on the Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Dairy Manure. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015 Jul 10;12(7):7794-803.
21 Taga I, Lan CQ, Altosaar I. Plant essential oils and mastitis disease: their potential inhibitory effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine production in response to bacteria related inflammation. Nat Prod Commun. 2012 May;7(5):675-82. Review.
22 Pinedo P, Karreman H, Bothe H, Velez J, Risco C Efficacy of a botanical preparation for the intramammary treatment of clinical mastitis on an organic dairy farm. Can Vet J. 2013 May;54(5):479-84.
23 Taga I, Lan CQ, Altosaar I Plant essential oils and mastitis disease: their potential inhibitory effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine production in response to bacteria related inflammation. Nat Prod Commun. 2012 May;7(5):675-82. Review.
24 Pinedo P, Karreman H, Bothe H, Velez J, Risco C Efficacy of a botanical preparation for the intramammary treatment of clinical mastitis on an organic dairy farm. Can Vet J. 2013 May;54(5):479-84.
25 Baravalle C1, Dallard BE, Cadoche MC, Pereyra EA, Neder VE, Ortega HH, Calvinho LF. Proinflammatory cytokines and CD14 expression in mammary tissue of cows following intramammary inoculation of Panax ginseng at drying off. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2011 Nov 15;144(1-2):52-60.
26 Jamra N, Das G, Singh P, Haque M. Anthelmintic efficacy of crude neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf powder against bovine strongylosis. J Parasit Dis. 2015 Dec;39(4):786-8.
27 Ravva SV, Korn A. Effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) on the Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Dairy Manure. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015 Jul 10;12(7):7794-803.
Download the file below to view Appendix IX-C in its entirety. Source links are included for review.
| appendix_ixc_with_source_links.pdf |
